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Meaning of "protonema" in the English dictionary

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DICTIONARY
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ETYMOLOGY OF THE WORD PROTONEMA

From New Latin, from proto- + Greek nema thread.
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Etymology is the study of the origin of words and their changes in structure and significance.
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PRONUNCIATION OF PROTONEMA

protonema  [ˌprəʊtəˈniːmə] play
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GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY OF PROTONEMA

noun
adjective
verb
adverb
pronoun
preposition
conjunction
determiner
exclamation
Protonema is a noun.
A noun is a type of word the meaning of which determines reality. Nouns provide the names for all things: people, objects, sensations, feelings, etc.

WHAT DOES PROTONEMA MEAN IN ENGLISH?

protonema

Protonema

A protonema (plural: protonemata) is a thread-like chain of cells that forms the earliest stage (the haploid phase) of a bryophyte life cycle. When a moss first grows from the spore, it grows as a protonema which develops into a leafy gametophore. Hornworts do not have a protonemal stage, the spores germinate directly into a new Gametophyte generation. Moss spores germinate to form an alga-like filamentous structure called the protonema. It represents the juvenile gametophyte. While the protonema is growing by apical cell division, at some stage, under the influence of the phytohormone cytokinin, buds are induced which grow by three-faced apical cells. These give rise to gametophores, stems and leaf like structures (bryophytes do not have true leaves (megaphyll)). These gametophores are the adult form of the gametophyte. Protonema are characteristic of all mosses and some liverworts but are absent from hornworts. The protonema is also the photosynthetic part of a germinating fern spore.

Definition of protonema in the English dictionary

The definition of protonema in the dictionary is a branched threadlike structure that grows from a moss spore and eventually develops into the moss plant.

WORDS THAT RHYME WITH PROTONEMA


beamer
ˈbiːmə
bima
ˈbiːmə
chromonema
ˌkrəʊməˈniːmə
diplonema
ˌdɪpləʊˈniːmə
dreamer
ˈdriːmə
edema
ɪˈdiːmə
emblema
ɛmˈbliːmə
epiphonema
ˌɛpɪfəʊˈniːmə
Fukushima
ˌfuːkuːˈʃiːmə
Hiroshima
ˌhɪrɒˈʃiːmə
hyalonema
ˌhaɪələʊˈniːmə
Lima
ˈliːmə
Redeemer
rɪˈdiːmə
rima
ˈriːmə
schema
ˈskiːmə
steamer
ˈstiːmə
streamer
ˈstriːmə
Tema
ˈtiːmə
thema
ˈθiːmə
treponema
ˌtrɛpəˈniːmə

WORDS THAT BEGIN LIKE PROTONEMA

protolanguage
protolithic
protomartyr
protomorphic
proton
proton microscope
proton number
proton-pump inhibitor
protonate
protonation
protonemal
protonemata
protonematal
protonic
protonotarial
protonotariat
protonotaries
protonotary
protopathic
protopathy

WORDS THAT END LIKE PROTONEMA

Alma-Tadema
anathema
barium enema
bema
cinema
diastema
eczema
emphysema
empyema
enema
erythema
exanthema
Hobbema
myxedema
oedema
pulmonary emphysema
seriema
Shema
the cinema
ulema

Synonyms and antonyms of protonema in the English dictionary of synonyms

SYNONYMS

Translation of «protonema» into 25 languages

TRANSLATOR
online translator

TRANSLATION OF PROTONEMA

Find out the translation of protonema to 25 languages with our English multilingual translator.
The translations of protonema from English to other languages presented in this section have been obtained through automatic statistical translation; where the essential translation unit is the word «protonema» in English.

Translator English - Chinese

原丝体
1,325 millions of speakers

Translator English - Spanish

protonema
570 millions of speakers

English

protonema
510 millions of speakers

Translator English - Hindi

protonema
380 millions of speakers
ar

Translator English - Arabic

protonema
280 millions of speakers

Translator English - Russian

протонема
278 millions of speakers

Translator English - Portuguese

protonema
270 millions of speakers

Translator English - Bengali

protonema
260 millions of speakers

Translator English - French

protonema
220 millions of speakers

Translator English - Malay

Protonema
190 millions of speakers

Translator English - German

protonema
180 millions of speakers

Translator English - Japanese

原糸体
130 millions of speakers

Translator English - Korean

protonema
85 millions of speakers

Translator English - Javanese

Protonema
85 millions of speakers
vi

Translator English - Vietnamese

protonema
80 millions of speakers

Translator English - Tamil

protonema
75 millions of speakers

Translator English - Marathi

प्रोटिनैमा
75 millions of speakers

Translator English - Turkish

protonema
70 millions of speakers

Translator English - Italian

protonema
65 millions of speakers

Translator English - Polish

splątka
50 millions of speakers

Translator English - Ukrainian

протонема
40 millions of speakers

Translator English - Romanian

protonema
30 millions of speakers
el

Translator English - Greek

protonema
15 millions of speakers
af

Translator English - Afrikaans

protonema
14 millions of speakers
sv

Translator English - Swedish

Protoneman
10 millions of speakers
no

Translator English - Norwegian

protonema
5 millions of speakers

Trends of use of protonema

TRENDS

TENDENCIES OF USE OF THE TERM «PROTONEMA»

The term «protonema» is normally little used and occupies the 121.270 position in our list of most widely used terms in the English dictionary.
0
100%
FREQUENCY
Little used
43
/100
The map shown above gives the frequency of use of the term «protonema» in the different countries.
Principal search tendencies and common uses of protonema
List of principal searches undertaken by users to access our English online dictionary and most widely used expressions with the word «protonema».

FREQUENCY OF USE OF THE TERM «PROTONEMA» OVER TIME

The graph expresses the annual evolution of the frequency of use of the word «protonema» during the past 500 years. Its implementation is based on analysing how often the term «protonema» appears in digitalised printed sources in English between the year 1500 and the present day.

Examples of use in the English literature, quotes and news about protonema

EXAMPLES

10 ENGLISH BOOKS RELATING TO «PROTONEMA»

Discover the use of protonema in the following bibliographical selection. Books relating to protonema and brief extracts from same to provide context of its use in English literature.
1
Biology of Bryophytes
Endosporous Massive protonema developed inside stretched exospore Funnel- shaped protonema Sex organs producing on apex of chloronema branch Vesiculated protonemal cells Primary rhizoid developing from spore Protonema ...
R. N. Chopra, 1988
2
Transactions of the ... Annual Meetings of the Kansas ...
The asexual reproduction is accomplished in many ways; but in almost every case a new plant is preceded by a protonema. In some mosses the leafy buds, becoming detached,, or the leafy branches broken from the stem, grow immediately ...
‎1896
3
An introduction to Bryophyta: diversity, development and ...
Endosporic protonema of a few cells as well as many, 6-20 cells, is seen in Cavicularia (Fig. 6.10). However, here the gametophyte develops by the activity of a superficial initial cell. Globose protonema of a few cells within the spore can be ...
A. Rashid, 1998
4
Fundamentals of Botany Vol-1
Juvenile gametophyte (protonema) It is branched filamentous, prostate, alga-like green structure which develops from spore. Spore germinates to form primary protonema. Protonema looks like algal filament, though it is without pyrenoid, while ...
Soni
5
Green Plants: Their Origin and Diversity
In Pogonatum aloides, common on shaded acidic banks, the protonema persists as a dark green felt from which mature plants of limited life arise over a long period. A tropical example is the Southeast Asian Ephemeropsis which forms an  ...
Peter R. Bell, Alan R. Hemsley, 2000
6
Competition Science Vision
Asexual (Vegetative) reproduction — Propagation by vegetative method occurs with the help of : multiplication of the protonemal stage, secondary protonema, bulbils, gemmae and apospory. The primary protonema, by the death of cells at ...
7
Botanical Gazette
Portion of a leaf protonema showing a bud with rudimentary leaves. X 130. Fig. 29. Protonema with rhizoids which have been produced in light in a ten weeks old culture. X 1 30. PLA TE xx. Atrichum undulatum. Fig. 30. Protonema grown from ...
John Merle Coulter, M.S. Coulter, Charles Reid Barnes, 1898
8
The collected works of Sir Humphry Davy ...: Discourses ...
Portion of a leaf protonema showing a bud with rudimentary leaves. X 130. Fig. 29. Protonema with rhizoids which have been produced in light in a ten weeks old culture. X 1 30. PLA TE XX. Atrichum undulatum. Fig. 30. Protonema grown from ...
Sir Humphry Davy, University of Chicago, John Davy, 1898
9
An Introduction to Pteridophyta: Diversity, Development, ...
If light direction was changed 180° every 24 hours for nine days, the outgrowth of rhizoid and protonema was random. Four days of unilateral light followed by five days of changing direction were sufficient to fix the growth of rhizoid away from ...
A Rashid, 1999
10
Competition Science Vision
Gametophyte Phase Gametophyte phase consists of two growth stages — (i) Juvenile stage represented by primary protonema and (ii) leafy stage represented by leafy gametophyte. Juvenile stage results from the germinating meio- spore.

10 NEWS ITEMS WHICH INCLUDE THE TERM «PROTONEMA»

Find out what the national and international press are talking about and how the term protonema is used in the context of the following news items.
1
Frente Bakal Ramaikan The 90s Festival Jakarta
Antara lain P-Project, Base Jam, M.E, Coboy, Bunglon, Jingga, dan Protonema. Namun, itu baru sebagian yang diumumkan pada tahap pertama. Berdasarkan ... «KOMPAS.com, Jul 15»
2
The 90's Festival Jakarta, Ajang Reuni Musisi Era 90-an
Antara lain P-Project, Base Jam, M.E, Coboy, Bunglon, Jingga, dan Protonema. Tak hanya musisi dalam negeri, Frente, grup musik folk-pop rock asal Australia ... «Jakartakita.com, Jul 15»
3
Sukses di Bandung, The 90's Festival Akan Segera Digelar Lagi di …
Sebut saja band Bunglon yang vakum setelah drummer mereka meninggal dunia atau band Protonema yang juga vakum setelah vokalisnya tiada. Sementara ... «NGONOO, Jul 15»
4
Frente akan Hibur Jakarta di The 90's Festival Big Reunion
... mengusung tema "Big Reunion" ini sudah dipastikan akan mengisi acara tersebut yaitu antara lain Frente, Bunglon, Jingga, Protonema, ME, Coboy, Basejam, ... «Showbiz Liputan6.com, Jul 15»
5
The 90's Festival akan Kembali Digelar
Kemudian Jingga, Protonema, boyband ME, boyband Coboy, Basejam, serta P-Project pun siap memeriahkan acara tersebut. Ke depannya masih akan banyak ... «Inilah Koran, Jul 15»
6
The 90s Festival, ajang reuni artis-artis 90an yang sudah lama hilang
Selain itu, beberapa nama seperti bunglon, protonema, dan jingga adalah grup band yang sudah lama vakum, namun telah diumumkan akan menjadi artis ... «VIVA.co.id, Jul 15»
7
"7 Hari Menembus Waktu": Maaf, Suasana 1994 Kurang Terasa
Dari deretan band, Java Jive, Kahitna, Protonema, dan Dewa adalah yang terpopuler kala itu. Entah kenapa, pilihan pembicaraan untuk memancing tawa justru ... «Tabloidbintang.com, Jun 15»
8
Leuchtmoos: Moos des Jahres 2015
Das Protonema besteht aus Ketten oder Matten kleiner linsenförmiger oder ... weibliche und männliche Pflanzen entspringen aus demselben Protonema. «Gartentechnik.de, Feb 15»
9
Lagu Anyar Nidji Hasil Referensi Musik Tahun 90-an
Jadi ada beberapa grup musik lawas jadi referensi, seperti Protonema, Dewa 19, Gigi yang awal," lanjutnya. Namun, Nidji tak menelan mentah-mentah materi ... «KapanLagi.com, May 14»
10
Lagu Ciptaan Musisi Sepuh Ini Doakan Indonesia Dapatkan …
Ayahanda Willy, gitaris band Protonema yang populer di pertengahan 1990-an itu, menjelaskan lagu teranyar yang diciptakannya itu, merupakan bentuk ... «Tribunnews, May 14»

REFERENCE
« EDUCALINGO. Protonema [online]. Available <https://educalingo.com/en/dic-en/protonema>. Apr 2024 ».
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