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Meaning of "retroviral" in the English dictionary

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DICTIONARY
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PRONUNCIATION OF RETROVIRAL

retroviral  [ˌrɛtrəʊˈvaɪərəl] play
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GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY OF RETROVIRAL

noun
adjective
verb
adverb
pronoun
preposition
conjunction
determiner
exclamation
Retroviral is an adjective.
The adjective is the word that accompanies the noun to determine or qualify it.

WHAT DOES RETROVIRAL MEAN IN ENGLISH?

retroviral

Retrovirus

Retroviridae is a family of enveloped viruses that replicate in a host cell through the process of reverse transcription. A retrovirus is a single-stranded RNA virus that stores its nucleic acid in the form of an mRNA genome and targets a host cell as an obligate parasite. Once inside the host cell cytoplasm the virus uses its own reverse transcriptase enzyme to produce DNA from its RNA genome, the reverse of the usual pattern, thus retro. This new DNA is then incorporated into the host cell genome by an integrase enzyme, at which point the retroviral DNA is referred to as a provirus. The host cell then treats the viral DNA as part of its own genome, translating and transcribing the viral genes along with the cell's own genes, producing the proteins required to assemble new copies of the virus. It is difficult to detect the virus until it has infected the host. At that point the infection will persist indefinitely. In most viruses, DNA is transcribed into RNA, and then RNA is translated into protein.

Definition of retroviral in the English dictionary

The definition of retroviral in the dictionary is caused by a retrovirus. Other definition of retroviral is used to treat retroviral infection.

WORDS THAT RHYME WITH RETROVIRAL


adenoviral
ˌædɪnəʊˈvaɪərəl
agricultural
ˌæɡrɪˈkʌltʃərəl
cultural
ˈkʌltʃərəl
federal
ˈfɛdərəl
feral
ˈfɪərəl
funeral
ˈfjuːnərəl
general
ˈdʒɛnərəl
leptospiral
ˌleptəˈspaɪərəl
multispiral
ˌmʌltɪˈspaɪərəl
myxoviral
ˌmɪksəʊˈvaɪərəl
nadiral
ˈneɪdɪərəl
nonviral
ˌnɒnˈvaɪərəl
proviral
prəʊˈvaɪərəl
pyral
ˈpaɪərəl
retiral
rɪˈtaɪərəl
rural
ˈrʊərəl
scleral
ˈsklɪərəl
seral
ˈsɪərəl
spheral
ˈsfɪərəl
spiral
ˈspaɪərəl

WORDS THAT BEGIN LIKE RETROVIRAL

retropulsive
retroreflection
retroreflective
retroreflector
retrorocket
retrorse
retrorsely
retrosexual
retrospect
retrospection
retrospective
retrospectively
retrospectiveness
retroussage
retroverse
retroversion
retrovert
retroverted
Retrovir
retrovirus

WORDS THAT END LIKE RETROVIRAL

achiral
admiral
antiretroviral
antiviral
arboviral
Archimedes spiral
barred spiral
chiral
decemviral
duumviral
enteroviral
fleet admiral
rear admiral
red admiral
subviral
triumviral
vice admiral
viral
wage-price spiral
white admiral

Synonyms and antonyms of retroviral in the English dictionary of synonyms

SYNONYMS

Translation of «retroviral» into 25 languages

TRANSLATOR
online translator

TRANSLATION OF RETROVIRAL

Find out the translation of retroviral to 25 languages with our English multilingual translator.
The translations of retroviral from English to other languages presented in this section have been obtained through automatic statistical translation; where the essential translation unit is the word «retroviral» in English.

Translator English - Chinese

逆转录病毒
1,325 millions of speakers

Translator English - Spanish

retroviral
570 millions of speakers

English

retroviral
510 millions of speakers

Translator English - Hindi

रेट्रोवायरल
380 millions of speakers
ar

Translator English - Arabic

فيروسات
280 millions of speakers

Translator English - Russian

ретровирусная
278 millions of speakers

Translator English - Portuguese

retroviral
270 millions of speakers

Translator English - Bengali

রেট্রোভাইরাল
260 millions of speakers

Translator English - French

rétroviral
220 millions of speakers

Translator English - Malay

Retroviral
190 millions of speakers

Translator English - German

retroviralen
180 millions of speakers

Translator English - Japanese

レトロ
130 millions of speakers

Translator English - Korean

레트로 바이러스
85 millions of speakers

Translator English - Javanese

Retroviral
85 millions of speakers
vi

Translator English - Vietnamese

retrovirus
80 millions of speakers

Translator English - Tamil

ரெட்ரோவைரஸ்
75 millions of speakers

Translator English - Marathi

रेट्रोवायरल
75 millions of speakers

Translator English - Turkish

retroviral
70 millions of speakers

Translator English - Italian

retrovirale
65 millions of speakers

Translator English - Polish

retrowirusowa
50 millions of speakers

Translator English - Ukrainian

ретровірусна
40 millions of speakers

Translator English - Romanian

retrovirale
30 millions of speakers
el

Translator English - Greek

ρετροϊών
15 millions of speakers
af

Translator English - Afrikaans

retrovirale
14 millions of speakers
sv

Translator English - Swedish

retroviral
10 millions of speakers
no

Translator English - Norwegian

retroviral
5 millions of speakers

Trends of use of retroviral

TRENDS

TENDENCIES OF USE OF THE TERM «RETROVIRAL»

The term «retroviral» is regularly used and occupies the 69.606 position in our list of most widely used terms in the English dictionary.
0
100%
FREQUENCY
Regularly used
68
/100
The map shown above gives the frequency of use of the term «retroviral» in the different countries.
Principal search tendencies and common uses of retroviral
List of principal searches undertaken by users to access our English online dictionary and most widely used expressions with the word «retroviral».

FREQUENCY OF USE OF THE TERM «RETROVIRAL» OVER TIME

The graph expresses the annual evolution of the frequency of use of the word «retroviral» during the past 500 years. Its implementation is based on analysing how often the term «retroviral» appears in digitalised printed sources in English between the year 1500 and the present day.

Examples of use in the English literature, quotes and news about retroviral

EXAMPLES

10 ENGLISH BOOKS RELATING TO «RETROVIRAL»

Discover the use of retroviral in the following bibliographical selection. Books relating to retroviral and brief extracts from same to provide context of its use in English literature.
1
Cellular Factors Involved in Early Steps of Retroviral ...
The articles in this volume provide a comprehensive overview of our current understanding of the roles played by cellular factors in the early steps of retroviral replication.
John A.T. Young, 2003
2
Polyoxometalates: From Platonic Solids to Anti-Retroviral ...
Most of the contributors to the present volume participated in the workshop held at the Center for Interdisciplinary Research at the University of Bielefeld, July 15-17, 1992.
Michael Pope, Achim M]ller, 1994
3
Human Retroviral Infections
This work describes perhaps the greatest obstacle to a vaccine against HIV-1.
Kenneth E. Ugen, Mauro Bendinelli, Herman Friedman, 2000
4
Retroviral Proteases
are intended to circumvent the differences in host strain expression of toxic proteins. Retroviral proteases are bacterially cytotoxic when expressed at high levels. By coupling a tight regulatable promoter system with a bacterial host strain that is ...
Lawrence C. Kuo, Jules A. Shafer, 1994
5
Targeted Delivery of Anti-retroviral Nucleosides: Role of ...
The influence of BCRP on the disposition of nucleoside analogs used in the treatment of HIV needs to be fully evaluated.
Nagdeep Giri, 2008
6
Molecular modelling and simulation of retroviral proteins ...
HIV-1 integrase has nuclear localization signals (NLS) which play a crucial role in nuclear import of viral preintegration complex (PIC).
Sergey Shityakov, 2011
7
Effect of Highly Active Anti-retroviral Therapy on Markers ...
Over production of B cell stimulatory cytokines and chronic B cell hyperactivation are seen in HIV infection, increasing the risk of genetic errors, which in turn may increase the risk of B cell lymphoma.
Deborah Louise Regidor, 2008
8
Cellular and Molecular Biological Studies of a Retroviral ...
The objective of this study is to determine the phenotype of lymphoma associated with temperature sensitive Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus (Mo-MuLV-ts1) retrovirus and the alteration in specific genes of mRNA expression in these lymphomas.
Hussein Saeed Bagalb, 2008
9
Retroviral Immunology: Immune Response and Restoration
In Retroviral Immunology: Immune Response and Restoration, world-renowned authorities address the most important aspects of the immunology of retroviruses, namely, immune response, genetic and virologic factors modulating the response, and ...
Giuseppe Pantaleo, Bruce D. Walker, 2011
10
Aspartic Proteinases: Retroviral and Cellular Enzymes ; ...
Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference held in Banff, Canada, October 22-27, 1996
Michael N.G. James, 1998

10 NEWS ITEMS WHICH INCLUDE THE TERM «RETROVIRAL»

Find out what the national and international press are talking about and how the term retroviral is used in the context of the following news items.
1
Beckman Coulter announces expansion of Cellular Accessible …
Beckman Coulter Life Sciences today announces an expansion of its CARES (Cellular Accessible Retroviral Evaluation Systems) Initiative at the 2015 ... «News-Medical.net, Jul 15»
2
Bidvest buys Retroviral
JSE-listed conglomerate Bidvest has acquired a majority stake in Retroviral Digital Communications, a digital agency founded by entrepreneurs Mike Sharman ... «TechCentral, Jul 15»
3
Bidvest Media launches digital marketing foray with majority stake of …
Retroviral co-founder Mike Sharman retains an interest in the company, and is committed to remain at its helm. His entire team moves under the Bidvest Media ... «Bizcommunity.com, Jul 15»
4
VISA - Vector Integration Site Analysis server: a web-based server to …
Analyzing the integration profile of retroviral vectors is a vital step in determining their potential genotoxic effects and developing safer vectors for therapeutic use ... «BMC Blogs Network, Jul 15»
5
Companies lament importation of anti-retroviral drugs
Some pharmaceutical companies are lamenting the continuous importation of anti-retroviral drugs into the country in spite of improved capacity to manufacture ... «GhanaWeb, Jul 15»
6
Protein silences endogenous retroviral genomes integrated in …
Retrotransposons represent the now more or less degenerate genomes of retroviruses, which infiltrated the germline at some point in evolution, were integrated ... «Phys.Org, May 15»
7
Nigeria to commence production of anti-retroviral drugs in 2016 …
“Anti-retroviral drugs produced by Evans Pharmaceuticals, an indigenous Nigerian company, was used to replenish the store and keep people on treatment in ... «The Eagle Online, May 15»
8
Production of retroviral constructs for effective transfer and …
Here we present an improved strategy for producing T-cell receptor (TCR)-expressing retroviral vectors using a Golden Gate cloning strategy. This method takes ... «BioTechniques.com, Mar 15»
9
Killer Virus Is Invading Koala DNA
Such a retroviral jump into the germ-line genome isn't unusual on evolutionary timescales. All vertebrates harbor retroviral DNA, molecular relics of infections ... «Quanta Magazine, Mar 15»
10
No Spin: Endogenous Retroviral Sequences Are Important for Brain …
The raw data shows that what we typically have called endogenous retroviral ... It's long been known that DNA from so-called retroviruses make up around 5 ... «Discovery Institute, Jan 15»

REFERENCE
« EDUCALINGO. Retroviral [online]. Available <https://educalingo.com/en/dic-en/retroviral>. Apr 2024 ».
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