Erinyes
In Greek mythology the
Erinyes , were female chthonic deities of vengeance; they were sometimes referred to as "infernal goddesses". A formulaic oath in the
Iliad invokes them as "those who beneath the earth punish whosoever has sworn a false oath". Burkert suggests they are "an embodiment of the act of self-cursing contained in the oath". They correspond to the
Dirae in Roman mythology. According to Hesiod's Theogony, when the Titan Cronus castrated his father Uranus and threw his genitalia into the sea, the Erinyes as well as the Meliae emerged from the drops of blood when it fell on the earth, while Aphrodite was born from the crests of sea foam. According to variant accounts, they emerged from an even more primordial level—from Nyx, "Night", or from a union between air and mother earth. Their number is usually left indeterminate. Virgil, probably working from an Alexandrian source, recognized three: Alecto, Megaera, and Tisiphone, all of whom appear in the
Aeneid. Dante followed Virgil in depicting the same three-character triptych of Erinyes; in Canto IX of the
Inferno they confront the poets at the gates of the city of Dis.