Download the app
educalingo
Search

Meaning of "lower criticism" in the English dictionary

Dictionary
DICTIONARY
section

PRONUNCIATION OF LOWER CRITICISM

lower criticism play
facebooktwitterpinterestwhatsapp

GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY OF LOWER CRITICISM

noun
adjective
verb
adverb
pronoun
preposition
conjunction
determiner
exclamation
Lower criticism is a noun.
A noun is a type of word the meaning of which determines reality. Nouns provide the names for all things: people, objects, sensations, feelings, etc.

WHAT DOES LOWER CRITICISM MEAN IN ENGLISH?

lower criticism

Textual criticism

Textual criticism, or lower criticism, is a branch of textual scholarship, philology and literary criticism that is concerned with the identification and removal of transcription errors in the texts of manuscripts. Ancient scribes made errors or alterations when copying manuscripts by hand. Given a manuscript copy, several or many copies, but not the original document, the textual critic seeks to reconstruct the original text as closely as possible. The same processes can be used to attempt to reconstruct intermediate editions, or recensions, of a document's transcription history. The ultimate objective of the textual critic's work is the production of a "critical edition" containing a text most closely approximating the original. There are three fundamental approaches to textual criticism: eclecticism, stemmatics, and copy-text editing. Techniques from the biological discipline of cladistics are currently also being used to determine the relationships between manuscripts.

WORDS THAT BEGIN LIKE LOWER CRITICISM

lower abdomen
lower animals
Lower Austria
lower back
Lower California
Lower Canada
lower case
lower chamber
lower class
lower classes
lower court
lower deck
Lower Egypt
lower house
Lower Hutt
lower jaw
Lower Karoo
Lower Lakes
lower leg
lower limb

WORDS THAT END LIKE LOWER CRITICISM

aestheticism
agnosticism
athleticism
Catholicism
criticism
cynicism
eclecticism
eroticism
exoticism
fanaticism
historicism
literary criticism
mysticism
neoclassicism
neuroticism
racism
romanticism
scepticism
scholasticism
self-criticism
skepticism

Synonyms and antonyms of lower criticism in the English dictionary of synonyms

SYNONYMS

Translation of «lower criticism» into 25 languages

TRANSLATOR
online translator

TRANSLATION OF LOWER CRITICISM

Find out the translation of lower criticism to 25 languages with our English multilingual translator.
The translations of lower criticism from English to other languages presented in this section have been obtained through automatic statistical translation; where the essential translation unit is the word «lower criticism» in English.

Translator English - Chinese

较低的批评
1,325 millions of speakers

Translator English - Spanish

baja crítica
570 millions of speakers

English

lower criticism
510 millions of speakers

Translator English - Hindi

कम आलोचना
380 millions of speakers
ar

Translator English - Arabic

انتقادات أقل
280 millions of speakers

Translator English - Russian

ниже критика
278 millions of speakers

Translator English - Portuguese

menor crítica
270 millions of speakers

Translator English - Bengali

নিম্ন সমালোচনা
260 millions of speakers

Translator English - French

critique inférieure
220 millions of speakers

Translator English - Malay

Kritikan yang lebih rendah
190 millions of speakers

Translator English - German

Unter Kritik
180 millions of speakers

Translator English - Japanese

下批判
130 millions of speakers

Translator English - Korean

낮은 비판
85 millions of speakers

Translator English - Javanese

Kritik murah
85 millions of speakers
vi

Translator English - Vietnamese

hạ phê bình
80 millions of speakers

Translator English - Tamil

குறைவான விமர்சனம்
75 millions of speakers

Translator English - Marathi

कमी टीका
75 millions of speakers

Translator English - Turkish

Daha düşük eleştiri
70 millions of speakers

Translator English - Italian

critica inferiore
65 millions of speakers

Translator English - Polish

niższa krytyka
50 millions of speakers

Translator English - Ukrainian

нижче критика
40 millions of speakers

Translator English - Romanian

critica de jos
30 millions of speakers
el

Translator English - Greek

χαμηλότερο κριτική
15 millions of speakers
af

Translator English - Afrikaans

laer kritiek
14 millions of speakers
sv

Translator English - Swedish

lägre kritik
10 millions of speakers
no

Translator English - Norwegian

lavere kritikk
5 millions of speakers

Trends of use of lower criticism

TRENDS

TENDENCIES OF USE OF THE TERM «LOWER CRITICISM»

The term «lower criticism» is barely ever used and occupies the 196.754 position in our list of most widely used terms in the English dictionary.
0
100%
FREQUENCY
Unused
8
/100
The map shown above gives the frequency of use of the term «lower criticism» in the different countries.
Principal search tendencies and common uses of lower criticism
List of principal searches undertaken by users to access our English online dictionary and most widely used expressions with the word «lower criticism».

FREQUENCY OF USE OF THE TERM «LOWER CRITICISM» OVER TIME

The graph expresses the annual evolution of the frequency of use of the word «lower criticism» during the past 500 years. Its implementation is based on analysing how often the term «lower criticism» appears in digitalised printed sources in English between the year 1500 and the present day.

Examples of use in the English literature, quotes and news about lower criticism

EXAMPLES

10 ENGLISH BOOKS RELATING TO «LOWER CRITICISM»

Discover the use of lower criticism in the following bibliographical selection. Books relating to lower criticism and brief extracts from same to provide context of its use in English literature.
1
Biblical Studies, Theology, Religion, and Philosophy: An ...
The earliest exegetical approaches distinguish between lower criticism and higher criticism. Lower criticism refers to textual criticism, which seeks to establish , as far as is possible, the wording of the biblical text closest to the original. Higher ...
James Amanze, 2010
2
The Historical Critical Method in Catholic Exegesis
The first terms used to describe the methodology were lower criticism and higher criticism. Lower criticism was the term used for textual criticism. Higher criticism was the term used for source criticism. The distinction was based on the fact that  ...
Joseph G. Prior, 1999
3
Voltaire's Old Testament Criticism
Voltaire's defense of tolerance in his own Traite sur la tolerance initiated his excursions into the lower criticism. Criticism in its most censorious sense, his remarks expressed a frank hostility towards the Judeo-Christian tradition that was  ...
Bertram Eugene Schwarzbach, 1971
4
Encountering God: Exploring Five Responses to the Divine ...
This led to the form of biblical criticism known as “Lower Criticism.” Historical- literary criticism, or so-called “Higher Criticism” emerged in the 18th and 19th centuries, principally in Germany. Lower Criticism Textual criticism, particularly ...
Steve Curtis, 2009
5
Encyclopedia of Protestantism: 4-volume Set
The distinction between Higher and Lower Criticism was based on the ancient classical distinction between Great Philology and Little Philology as reported by Dionysius the Thracian, whose grammar remained influential into the eighteenth  ...
Hans J. Hillerbrand, Professor and Chair Department of Religion Hans J Hillerbrand, 2004
6
Plundering the Egyptians: The Old Testament and Historical ...
these entries remained essentially the same. They were either unaltered or partially edited. 2.2.1 Wilson's Methodological Approach Wilson's inaugural address, which was subsequently published as The Lower Criticism of the Old Testament ...
John J. Yeo, 2009
7
Was 1 Esdras First?: An Investigation Into the Priority and ...
LOWER CRITICISM AND HIGHER CRITICISM: THE CASE OF 1 ESDRAS Deirdre N. Fulton and Gary N. Knoppers INTRODUCTION Over the past decades, the study of 1 Esdras has assumed a variety of different forms. The careful studies of ...
Lisbeth S. Fried, 2011
8
The Human Faces of God: What Scripture Reveals when it Gets ...
Implied here is an approval of legitimate techniques of “lower criticism” or “textual criticism.” It is proper to use critical techniques in order to discover the true text of Scripture, that is, the one which represents the original one given by the biblical ...
Thom Stark, 2011
9
The Old Testament: Its Background, Growth, & Content
A distinction is often made in biblical scholarship between “lower criticism” and “ higher criticism.” Lower criticism tries to determine the precise wording of the original text. This entails studying the available manuscripts and other sources, and ...
Steven L. McKenzie, John Kaltner, 2007
10
The Bible
CHAPTER VI THE LOWER CRITICISM [M Mr. A E. Waite's fascinating and imitnictive volume Studies in Mysticism, the following sentences occur: ' Interpretations of this order are not less unprofitable to the soul than the enlightenments of the ...
Peake,Arthur, 2013

7 NEWS ITEMS WHICH INCLUDE THE TERM «LOWER CRITICISM»

Find out what the national and international press are talking about and how the term lower criticism is used in the context of the following news items.
1
In light of the Iran deal, giving up on Europe would be a very bad …
Some may say that it was a pragmatic move meant to lower criticism and prevent possible legal prosecution, but let's be honest: the UNHRW ... «Jerusalem Post Israel News, Jul 15»
2
The Old Testament and Rationalistic Biblical Criticism by …
It comprises two levels — first, “lower criticism”; second, “higher criticism.” The first concerns itself with philological aspects, the lexicon of the ... «NFTU, May 15»
3
Biblical Apologetics and Exegesis – Reading Tealeaves
This example shows up the difference between two key schools of exegesis, namely “lower criticism” and “higher criticism”. The former is based ... «News24, Oct 13»
4
How the Vilna Gaon Became More Modern Than Moses Mendelssohn
He wasted no time in polemics against lower criticism, and he even made use of controversial biblical scholars whom Mendelssohn ... «Jewish Daily Forward, Apr 13»
5
The SBL in Chicago- A Potpourri of Things– Part One
... historical, archaeological, reader-response, narratival, higher or lower criticism or some other recent –ism, all these methods are the new kids ... «Patheos, Dec 12»
6
How to Read the Bible
... "Higher Criticism" (which distinguishes it from the effort to establish the correct reading of the transmitted text, known as "Lower Criticism"). «NPR, Jan 06»
7
Who Wrote the Bible
Both the "Higher Bible Criticism" invented at the turn of the previous century by theology professor Julius Wellhausen and the "Lower Criticism" of more recent ... «Beliefnet.com, Feb 04»

REFERENCE
« EDUCALINGO. Lower criticism [online]. Available <https://educalingo.com/en/dic-en/lower-criticism>. May 2024 ».
Download the educalingo app
en
English dictionary
Discover all that is hidden in the words on
index
a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z