ETYMOLOGIA SŁOWA EXARATE
From Latin exārātus, literally: ploughed up (apparently referring to the way this type of pupa throws off the larval skin), from exārāre, from ārā plough.
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1
Insect Ecology: An Ecosystem Approach
There are two basic kinds of pupae, exarate (Fig. 1) and obtect (Fig. 2). An
exarate pupa has free appendages. An obtect pupa has the appendages
adhering to the body wall. Most Lepidoptera, most lower Diptera, some
chrysomelid and ...
Timothy D. Schowalter,
2006
In exarate pupae, the appendages (e. g. wings and legs) extend freely from the
body; in obtect pupae they are glued down by a secretion produced at the larval
—pupal moult, and obtect pupae typically are more heavily sclerotized than ...
Jill Lancaster, Barbara J. Downes,
2013
3
The Insects: Structure and Function
The appendages extend freely from the body in the pupae of some insects — a
condition known as exarate - but in other species the appendages are glued
down by a secretion produced at the larva—pupa molt. This is the obtect
condition ...
R. F. Chapman, Stephen J. Simpson, Angela E. Douglas,
2013
4
The Families of Malesian Moths and Butterflies
The pupal sheaths for appendages may be fused or cemented to the body (obtect
) or separate (exarate), though some of the former may have the fusion or
cementing weak such that they appear exarate. Primitive groups are exarate, with
the ...
Jeremy Daniel Holloway, Geoffrey Kibby, Djunijanti Peggie,
2001
In some pupae the appendages are free from the body and this condition is
known as exarate, but in many others the appendages are glued down to the
body by a secretion produced at the larva pupa moult. This is the obtect condition
and ...
(A) Decticous (Chrysopa sp., Neuroptera); (B) exarate adecticous (Brachyrhinus
sulcatus, Coleoptera); and (C) obtect adecticous (Heliothis armigera, Lepidoptera
). [From A. Peterson, 1951, Larvae of Insects. By permission of Mrs. Helen ...
7
Illustrated Dictionary of Entomology
EXARATE DECTICOUS EXARATE ADECTICOUS (e) MM OBTECT
ADECTICOUS Fig. 7. Examples of pupal types. Exarate decticous pupae: (a)
Megaloptera: Sialidae; (b) Mecoptera: Bittacidae. Exarate adecticous pupae: (c)
Coleoptera: ...
The appendages are always free, i.e., exarate (Fig. 7A) (e.g., pupae of
Neuroptera, Trichoptera, Mecoptera, Coleoptera and certain Lepidoptera. 2.
Adecticous pupae. These pupae do not have functional mandibles, e.g.,
Strepsiptera, ...
9
Vol 2: Morphology, Physiology, and Development
It is also exarate (a “pupa libera'), i. e., its appendages are movable. The
decticous, exarate pupa is retained in the ground plans of all non-coelolepidan
families, as well as in the Acanthopteroctetidae (1— 5). The pupal mandibles (
which are ...
10
The Insects: An Outline of Entomology
Exarate decticous pupae: (a). 1989; (h) after Ferrar 1987; (i) after CSIRO 1970.)
phytophagous. Oligopod larvae (Fig. 6.6d–f) lack abdominal prolegs but have
functional thoracic legs and frequently prognathous mouthparts. Many are active
...
P. J. Gullan, P. S. Cranston,
2010