ЧТО ОЗНАЧАЕТ СЛОВО TACTICAL VOTING
Тактическое голосование
В системах голосования проводится тактическое голосование на выборах с более чем двумя кандидатами, когда избиратель поддерживает кандидата, кроме его или ее искреннего предпочтения, чтобы предотвратить нежелательный результат. Теорема Гиббарда-Саттертуэйт доказала, что если метод голосования для выбора одного из нескольких вариантов полностью свободен от стратегии, то он должен быть либо диктаторским, либо недетерминированным. Например, метод случайного голосования, который случайным образом выбирает избирательный бюллетень одного избирателя и использует его для определения результата, не содержит стратегии, но может привести к выбору разных вариантов, если их применять несколько раз к одному и тому же набору бюллетеней. Например, при проведении простого множественного голосования избиратель иногда может получить «лучший» результат, голосуя за менее предпочтительного, но более общедоступного кандидата. Однако тип тактического голосования и степень его влияния на характер кампании и результаты выборов сильно варьируются от одной системы голосования к другой.
Значение слова tactical voting в словаре английский языка
Определение тактического голосования в словаре - это практика отведения голоса не для партии по своему выбору, а для второго сильнейшего соперника, чтобы победить самого вероятного победителя.
КНИГИ НА АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫКЕ, ИМЕЮЩЕЕ ОТНОШЕНИЕ К СЛОВУ «TACTICAL VOTING»
Поиск случаев использования слова
tactical voting в следующих библиографических источниках. Книги, относящиеся к слову
tactical voting, и краткие выдержки из этих книг для получения представления о контексте использования этого слова в литературе на английский языке.
1
British Elections and Parties Review
There has been a good deal of comment on the extent of anti-government tactical
voting in the 1997 British general election (McKie, 1997; Mawhinney, 1997:
Curtice and Park, 1999). Tactical voting in general refers to a situation in which ...
Jonathan Tonge, David Denver, Lynn Bennie,
2001
2
Parliamentary
Voting System and Constituencies Bill: third ...
Transparency: The electoral system should provide as clear as possible a signal
of voters' preferences, without distortions such as tactical voting. 1.2 It should be
recognised that these criteria may be in conflict and that no electoral system will ...
Great Britain: Parliament: House of Commons: Political and Constitutional Reform Committee,
2010
3
The 1997 General Election
The rise in Labour/Liberal Democrat switching is more than enough to account
for the total reported rise in tactical voting between 1992 and 1997. Other kinds of
tactical voting did not increase. Indeed anti-Labour tactical switching clearly ...
4
British Elections & Parties Review
In both 1983 and 1987 general elections, tactical voting was not significant in
explaining third party voting. Why were the effects of tactical voting reversed
between 1979 and 1992? One explanation is that the questions in the two
relevant BES ...
Philip Cowley, David Denver, Emeritus Professor of Politics David Denver,
2014
5
The Politics of Electoral Systems
Using survey evidence it was estimated that the number of tactical voters
increased slightly to 10 per cent,17 but the pattern changed so that there was
some evidence of a 'small rise in anti-Conservative tactical voting' (Evans et al.
Michael Gallagher, Paul Mitchell,
2005
6
Exploring British Politics
Pippa Norris estimated that tactical voting cost the Conservatives 48 seats in
1997. About one in eight electors voted tactically in 2001. Anti-Conservative
tactical voting undoubtedly helped Labour and the Liberal Democrats hold on to
many of ...
Mark Garnett, Senior Lecturer in Politics and International Relations Mark Garnett, Philip Lynch,
2014
7
Psephology:
Voting System,
Tactical Voting, Spoiler Effect, ...
Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online.
Books, LLC, Source: Wikipedia,
2010
8
Citizenship In Modern Britain
These parties can now be seen as a genuine third force that generates its own
impetus and attracts support either from a latent pool of supporters or through the
use of tactical voting. Tactical voting occurs when a citizen opts to support a ...
Trevor Desmoyers-Davis,
2003
9
Human Manipulation - A Handbook
There are several sub-types of tactical voting. Here we describe the four most
commonly used techniques: - Bullet Vote: Bullet voting happens when a voter
votes for just one candidate, even though they have the right to vote for more than
one ...
Malcolm Coxall, Guy Caswell,
2013
10
Voting Correctly in Europe
Evidence suggests that one reason behind the 1997 results was an increase in
anti-Conservative tactical voting. A significant number of Labour and Liberal
Democratic supporters seemed willing to support whichever of the then
opposition ...
Eric Hamilton Hines,
2006
НОВОСТИ, В КОТОРЫХ ВСТРЕЧАЕТСЯ ТЕРМИН «TACTICAL VOTING»
Здесь показано, как национальная и международная пресса использует термин
tactical voting в контексте приведенных ниже новостных статей.
Why UKIP Faced A Tactical Voting 'Sucker Punch'
Up to four million people are thought to have voted tactically today and UKIP could be one of the biggest victims, according to a YouGov poll published by The ... «Breitbart News, Май 15»
Tactical voting: Your seat-by-seat guide to kicking Cameron out of …
We believe that the best hope for a fairer country is Labour and in most areas you should vote that way if you agree. But in a few key marginals, it is best to hold ... «mirror.co.uk, Май 15»
How will you vote?
To anybody who disapproves of tactical voting, I reply that the first-past-the-post system forces it upon us. Nobody who voted for first-past-the-post in the 2011 «New Statesman, Май 15»
What if we gave up tactical voting?
That means giving up voting to get a party out of government but to get an MP in. So instead of voting for parties to get rid of the Conservative/ Liberal Democrat ... «Blasting News, Май 15»
General election 2015's guide to tactical voting constituency
Here, JAMES SLACK and IAN DRURY detail the 50 seats in which tactical voting could prevent a Labour/SNP alliance having enough to run Britain — and keep ... «Daily Mail, Май 15»
Forget Tactical Voting: The Strategic Vote Is UKIP
The time for tactical voting (except in one unique circumstance) is over. Reluctantly supporting one legacy party in the hope of blocking an even more loathsome ... «Breitbart News, Май 15»
In Tight UK Election 2015, Some Turn to Tactical Voting
Such developments have the major candidates trying to discourage people from voting tactically, begging supporters via social media to stay in line. «Wall Street Journal, Май 15»
Tactical voters try to make their ballot count
With polls still showing Labour and Conservatives neck and neck, attention is turning to whether tactical voting could help either side gain an advantage in ... «Financial Times, Май 15»
How to vote tactically: a no-guarantees guide to gaming the election
No seat better exemplifies the potential impact of tactical voting than Nick Clegg's constituency of Sheffield Hallam. According to an ICM/Guardian poll, half of ... «The Guardian, Май 15»
General Election 2015: The tactical voting guide: How to make your …
Welcome to tactical voting, a necessary evil of the current first-past-the-post system, where voters vote against what they do not want rather than in favour of what ... «The Independent, Май 15»