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在"英语"词典里lower criticism}的意思

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词典
section

英语中LOWER CRITICISM的发音

lower criticism play
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LOWER CRITICISM的语法类别

noun
形容词
动词
副词
代词
介词
连词
限定词
感叹词

LOWER CRITICISM在英语中的意思是什么?

点击查看«lower criticism»在英语词典里的原始定义
点击查看在中文词典里此定义的自动翻译
lower criticism

文字批评

Textual criticism

文本批评或批评较低,是文学研究,语言学和文学批评的一个分支,涉及到手稿文本中识别和删除转录错误。 手工复制手稿时,古代文士造成错误或变更。 文本批评者尽量复制原始文本,几份或多份但不是原始文件,试图重新构建原文。 可以使用相同的过程来尝试重建文档转录历史的中间版本或缩写。 文本评论家的工作的最终目的是制作一个包含最接近原文的文本的“批判版”。 文本批评有三种基本的方法:折中主义,词法和文本编辑。 目前还用于分类生物学科的技术来确定手稿之间的关系。 Textual criticism, or lower criticism, is a branch of textual scholarship, philology and literary criticism that is concerned with the identification and removal of transcription errors in the texts of manuscripts. Ancient scribes made errors or alterations when copying manuscripts by hand. Given a manuscript copy, several or many copies, but not the original document, the textual critic seeks to reconstruct the original text as closely as possible. The same processes can be used to attempt to reconstruct intermediate editions, or recensions, of a document's transcription history. The ultimate objective of the textual critic's work is the production of a "critical edition" containing a text most closely approximating the original. There are three fundamental approaches to textual criticism: eclecticism, stemmatics, and copy-text editing. Techniques from the biological discipline of cladistics are currently also being used to determine the relationships between manuscripts.

点击查看«lower criticism»在英语词典里的原始定义
点击查看在中文词典里此定义的自动翻译

LOWER CRITICISM一样开头的英语单词

lower abdomen
lower animals
Lower Austria
lower back
Lower California
Lower Canada
lower case
lower chamber
lower class
lower classes
lower court
lower deck
Lower Egypt
lower house
Lower Hutt
lower jaw
Lower Karoo
Lower Lakes
lower leg
lower limb

LOWER CRITICISM一样开头的英语单词

aestheticism
agnosticism
athleticism
Catholicism
criticism
cynicism
eclecticism
eroticism
exoticism
fanaticism
historicism
literary criticism
mysticism
neoclassicism
neuroticism
racism
romanticism
scepticism
scholasticism
self-criticism
skepticism

英语近义词词典里lower criticism的近义词和反义词

近义词

«lower criticism»的25种语言翻译

翻译者
online translator

LOWER CRITICISM的翻译

通过我们的英语多语言翻译器,找到lower criticism25种语言翻译
该章节所呈现的将lower criticism由 英语向其他语言的翻译是通过自动统计翻译获得的;在英语中基本的翻译单位是单词«lower criticism»。

翻译者英语 - 中文

较低的批评
1,325 数百万发言者

翻译者英语 - 西班牙语

baja crítica
570 数百万发言者

英语

lower criticism
510 数百万发言者

翻译者英语 - 印地语

कम आलोचना
380 数百万发言者
ar

翻译者英语 - 阿拉伯语

انتقادات أقل
280 数百万发言者

翻译者英语 - 俄语

ниже критика
278 数百万发言者

翻译者英语 - 葡萄牙语

menor crítica
270 数百万发言者

翻译者英语 - 孟加拉语

নিম্ন সমালোচনা
260 数百万发言者

翻译者英语 - 法语

critique inférieure
220 数百万发言者

翻译者英语 - 马来语

Kritikan yang lebih rendah
190 数百万发言者

翻译者英语 - 德语

Unter Kritik
180 数百万发言者

翻译者英语 - 日语

下批判
130 数百万发言者

翻译者英语 - 韩语

낮은 비판
85 数百万发言者

翻译者英语 - 印尼爪哇语

Kritik murah
85 数百万发言者
vi

翻译者英语 - 越南语

hạ phê bình
80 数百万发言者

翻译者英语 - 泰米尔语

குறைவான விமர்சனம்
75 数百万发言者

翻译者英语 - 马拉地语

कमी टीका
75 数百万发言者

翻译者英语 - 土耳其语

Daha düşük eleştiri
70 数百万发言者

翻译者英语 - 意大利语

critica inferiore
65 数百万发言者

翻译者英语 - 波兰语

niższa krytyka
50 数百万发言者

翻译者英语 - 乌克兰语

нижче критика
40 数百万发言者

翻译者英语 - 罗马尼亚语

critica de jos
30 数百万发言者
el

翻译者英语 - 希腊语

χαμηλότερο κριτική
15 数百万发言者
af

翻译者英语 - 布尔语(南非荷兰语)

laer kritiek
14 数百万发言者
sv

翻译者英语 - 瑞典语

lägre kritik
10 数百万发言者
no

翻译者英语 - 挪威语

lavere kritikk
5 数百万发言者

lower criticism的使用趋势

趋势

词语 «LOWER CRITICISM»的使用趋势

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此处所显示的地图给出了词语«lower criticism»在不同国家的使用频率。
lower criticism的主要搜索趋势和常见用法
用户为查找我们的英语在线词典以及单词«lower criticism»的最常用表达而进行的主要搜索的列表。

词语«LOWER CRITICISM» 随时间而变化的使用频率

该图表展现了单词«lower criticism»在过去500年中的用法频率的每年演化其实施是基于分析词语«lower criticism»从1500年到现在在 英语数字出版物中出现的频率。

lower criticism的英语文献、引用和新闻中的使用范例

示例

«LOWER CRITICISM»相关的英语书籍

在以下的参考文献中发现lower criticism的用法。与lower criticism相关的书籍以及同一来源的简短摘要提供其在 英语文献中的使用情境。
1
Biblical Studies, Theology, Religion, and Philosophy: An ...
The earliest exegetical approaches distinguish between lower criticism and higher criticism. Lower criticism refers to textual criticism, which seeks to establish , as far as is possible, the wording of the biblical text closest to the original. Higher ...
James Amanze, 2010
2
The Historical Critical Method in Catholic Exegesis
The first terms used to describe the methodology were lower criticism and higher criticism. Lower criticism was the term used for textual criticism. Higher criticism was the term used for source criticism. The distinction was based on the fact that  ...
Joseph G. Prior, 1999
3
Voltaire's Old Testament Criticism
Voltaire's defense of tolerance in his own Traite sur la tolerance initiated his excursions into the lower criticism. Criticism in its most censorious sense, his remarks expressed a frank hostility towards the Judeo-Christian tradition that was  ...
Bertram Eugene Schwarzbach, 1971
4
Encountering God: Exploring Five Responses to the Divine ...
This led to the form of biblical criticism known as “Lower Criticism.” Historical- literary criticism, or so-called “Higher Criticism” emerged in the 18th and 19th centuries, principally in Germany. Lower Criticism Textual criticism, particularly ...
Steve Curtis, 2009
5
Encyclopedia of Protestantism: 4-volume Set
The distinction between Higher and Lower Criticism was based on the ancient classical distinction between Great Philology and Little Philology as reported by Dionysius the Thracian, whose grammar remained influential into the eighteenth  ...
Hans J. Hillerbrand, Professor and Chair Department of Religion Hans J Hillerbrand, 2004
6
Plundering the Egyptians: The Old Testament and Historical ...
these entries remained essentially the same. They were either unaltered or partially edited. 2.2.1 Wilson's Methodological Approach Wilson's inaugural address, which was subsequently published as The Lower Criticism of the Old Testament ...
John J. Yeo, 2009
7
Was 1 Esdras First?: An Investigation Into the Priority and ...
LOWER CRITICISM AND HIGHER CRITICISM: THE CASE OF 1 ESDRAS Deirdre N. Fulton and Gary N. Knoppers INTRODUCTION Over the past decades, the study of 1 Esdras has assumed a variety of different forms. The careful studies of ...
Lisbeth S. Fried, 2011
8
The Human Faces of God: What Scripture Reveals when it Gets ...
Implied here is an approval of legitimate techniques of “lower criticism” or “textual criticism.” It is proper to use critical techniques in order to discover the true text of Scripture, that is, the one which represents the original one given by the biblical ...
Thom Stark, 2011
9
The Old Testament: Its Background, Growth, & Content
A distinction is often made in biblical scholarship between “lower criticism” and “ higher criticism.” Lower criticism tries to determine the precise wording of the original text. This entails studying the available manuscripts and other sources, and ...
Steven L. McKenzie, John Kaltner, 2007
10
The Bible
CHAPTER VI THE LOWER CRITICISM [M Mr. A E. Waite's fascinating and imitnictive volume Studies in Mysticism, the following sentences occur: ' Interpretations of this order are not less unprofitable to the soul than the enlightenments of the ...
Peake,Arthur, 2013

包含词语«LOWER CRITICISM»的新条目

找出国内和国际出版社所讨论的内容,以及词语lower criticism在以下新条目的上下文中是如何使用的。
1
In light of the Iran deal, giving up on Europe would be a very bad …
Some may say that it was a pragmatic move meant to lower criticism and prevent possible legal prosecution, but let's be honest: the UNHRW ... «Jerusalem Post Israel News, 七月 15»
2
The Old Testament and Rationalistic Biblical Criticism by …
It comprises two levels — first, “lower criticism”; second, “higher criticism.” The first concerns itself with philological aspects, the lexicon of the ... «NFTU, 五月 15»
3
Biblical Apologetics and Exegesis – Reading Tealeaves
This example shows up the difference between two key schools of exegesis, namely “lower criticism” and “higher criticism”. The former is based ... «News24, 十月 13»
4
How the Vilna Gaon Became More Modern Than Moses Mendelssohn
He wasted no time in polemics against lower criticism, and he even made use of controversial biblical scholars whom Mendelssohn ... «Jewish Daily Forward, 四月 13»
5
The SBL in Chicago- A Potpourri of Things– Part One
... historical, archaeological, reader-response, narratival, higher or lower criticism or some other recent –ism, all these methods are the new kids ... «Patheos, 十二月 12»
6
How to Read the Bible
... "Higher Criticism" (which distinguishes it from the effort to establish the correct reading of the transmitted text, known as "Lower Criticism"). «NPR, 一月 06»
7
Who Wrote the Bible
Both the "Higher Bible Criticism" invented at the turn of the previous century by theology professor Julius Wellhausen and the "Lower Criticism" of more recent ... «Beliefnet.com, 二月 04»

参考文献
« EDUCALINGO. Lower criticism [在线]. 可用 <https://educalingo.com/zh/dic-en/lower-criticism>. 五月 2024 ».
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