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Meaning of "viroid" in the English dictionary

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DICTIONARY
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ETYMOLOGY OF THE WORD VIROID

From vir(us) + -oid.
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Etymology is the study of the origin of words and their changes in structure and significance.
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PRONUNCIATION OF VIROID

viroid  [ˈvaɪrɔɪd] play
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GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY OF VIROID

noun
adjective
verb
adverb
pronoun
preposition
conjunction
determiner
exclamation
Viroid is a noun.
A noun is a type of word the meaning of which determines reality. Nouns provide the names for all things: people, objects, sensations, feelings, etc.

WHAT DOES VIROID MEAN IN ENGLISH?

Viroid

Viroids are plant pathogens that consist of a short stretch of highly complementary, circular, single-stranded RNA. In comparison, the genome of the smallest known viruses capable of causing an infection by themselves are around 2 kilobases in size. The human pathogen Hepatitis D Virus is similar to viroids. Viroid genomes are extremely small in size, ranging from 246 to 467 nucleotides, and consisting of fewer than 10,000 atoms. Viroids were discovered and named by Theodor Otto Diener, a plant pathologist at the Agricultural Research Service in Maryland, in 1971. Viroid RNA does not code for any protein. Their replication mechanism uses RNA polymerase II, a host cell enzyme normally associated with synthesis of messenger RNA from DNA, which instead catalyzes "rolling circle" synthesis of new RNA using the viroid's RNA as template. Some viroids are ribozymes, having catalytic properties which allow self-cleavage and ligation of unit-size genomes from larger replication intermediates. The first viroid to be identified was Potato spindle tuber viroid. Some 33 species have been identified.

Definition of viroid in the English dictionary

The definition of viroid in the dictionary is any of various infective RNA particles, smaller than a virus and known to cause some plant diseases.

WORDS THAT RHYME WITH VIROID


android
ˈændrɔɪd
antithyroid
ˌæntɪˈθaɪrɔɪd
asteroid
ˈæstəˌrɔɪd
centroid
ˈsɛntrɔɪd
chancroid
ˈʃæŋkrɔɪd
corticosteroid
ˌkɔːtɪkəʊˈstɪərɔɪd
erythroid
ɪˈrɪθrɔɪd
euthyroid
juːˈθaɪrɔɪd
Freud
frɔɪd
hyperthyroid
ˌhaɪpəˈθaɪrɔɪd
hypothyroid
ˌhaɪpəʊˈθaɪrɔɪd
meteoroid
ˈmiːtɪəˌrɔɪd
Negroid
ˈniːɡrɔɪd
parathyroid
ˌpærəˈθaɪrɔɪd
Polaroid
ˈpəʊləˌrɔɪd
pyrethroid
paɪˈriːθrɔɪd
scirrhoid
ˈsɪrɔɪd
spiroid
ˈspaɪrɔɪd
steroid
ˈstɪərɔɪd
thyroid
ˈθaɪrɔɪd

WORDS THAT BEGIN LIKE VIROID

virilescent
virilisation
virilism
virility
virilization
virilize
virilocal
virino
virion
virogene
virologic
virological
virologically
virologist
virology
virose
virosis
virtu
virtual
virtual human

WORDS THAT END LIKE VIROID

ambroid
anabolic steroid
aneroid
aroid
choroid
dendroid
fibroid
hydroid
near-earth asteroid
nonsteroid
saccharoid
sang-froid
sciuroid
scombroid
sparoid
spheroid
tapiroid
toroid
tuberoid
zebroid

Synonyms and antonyms of viroid in the English dictionary of synonyms

SYNONYMS

Translation of «viroid» into 25 languages

TRANSLATOR
online translator

TRANSLATION OF VIROID

Find out the translation of viroid to 25 languages with our English multilingual translator.
The translations of viroid from English to other languages presented in this section have been obtained through automatic statistical translation; where the essential translation unit is the word «viroid» in English.

Translator English - Chinese

类病毒
1,325 millions of speakers

Translator English - Spanish

viroide
570 millions of speakers

English

viroid
510 millions of speakers

Translator English - Hindi

viroid
380 millions of speakers
ar

Translator English - Arabic

فيروسي الشكل
280 millions of speakers

Translator English - Russian

вироид
278 millions of speakers

Translator English - Portuguese

viroid
270 millions of speakers

Translator English - Bengali

viroid
260 millions of speakers

Translator English - French

viroid
220 millions of speakers

Translator English - Malay

Viroid
190 millions of speakers

Translator English - German

viroid
180 millions of speakers

Translator English - Japanese

ウイロイド
130 millions of speakers

Translator English - Korean

로이드
85 millions of speakers

Translator English - Javanese

Viroid
85 millions of speakers
vi

Translator English - Vietnamese

viroid
80 millions of speakers

Translator English - Tamil

viroid
75 millions of speakers

Translator English - Marathi

व्हायरॉइड
75 millions of speakers

Translator English - Turkish

viroidi
70 millions of speakers

Translator English - Italian

viroide
65 millions of speakers

Translator English - Polish

wiroid
50 millions of speakers

Translator English - Ukrainian

віроіди
40 millions of speakers

Translator English - Romanian

viroid
30 millions of speakers
el

Translator English - Greek

ιοειδές
15 millions of speakers
af

Translator English - Afrikaans

Viroid
14 millions of speakers
sv

Translator English - Swedish

viroid
10 millions of speakers
no

Translator English - Norwegian

viroid
5 millions of speakers

Trends of use of viroid

TRENDS

TENDENCIES OF USE OF THE TERM «VIROID»

The term «viroid» is regularly used and occupies the 102.460 position in our list of most widely used terms in the English dictionary.
0
100%
FREQUENCY
Regularly used
52
/100
The map shown above gives the frequency of use of the term «viroid» in the different countries.
Principal search tendencies and common uses of viroid
List of principal searches undertaken by users to access our English online dictionary and most widely used expressions with the word «viroid».

FREQUENCY OF USE OF THE TERM «VIROID» OVER TIME

The graph expresses the annual evolution of the frequency of use of the word «viroid» during the past 500 years. Its implementation is based on analysing how often the term «viroid» appears in digitalised printed sources in English between the year 1500 and the present day.

Examples of use in the English literature, quotes and news about viroid

EXAMPLES

10 ENGLISH BOOKS RELATING TO «VIROID»

Discover the use of viroid in the following bibliographical selection. Books relating to viroid and brief extracts from same to provide context of its use in English literature.
1
Viroid Life: Perspectives on Nietzsche and the Transhuman ...
A bold and thought-provoking look at the future of the human, Viroid Life is essential reading for anyone interested in continental philosophy, cultural studies and social theory.
Keith Ansell Pearson, 2012
2
Microbial Plant Pathogens-Detection and Disease Diagnosis:: ...
Inclusion of numerous protocols in appropriate chapters as appendix is a unique feature of this volume.
P. Narayanasamy, 2010
3
Plant Virus and Viroid Diseases in the Tropics: Volume 1: ...
(9) Movement Limited information is available about the pathways and mechanism of viroid movement inside the host plant. The viroids after entering in a potential host cell, it has to move to either the nucleus (Pospiviroidae) or chloroplast ...
K. Subramanya Sastry, 2013
4
Viroids
This work presents information on viroids and viroid diseases. It provides a single source of information on the properties of viroids, the economic impact of viroid diseases and methods for their detection and control.
A. Hadidi, 2003
5
Viroids and Satellites: Molecular Parasites at the Frontier ...
Viroid replication occurs via RNA intermediates of opposite polarity and does not involve DNA. In sharp contrast to viral RNAs, viroids do not function as mRNAs, hence viroids must be replicated by pre-existing host enzymes. The presence of ...
Karl Maramorosch, 1991
6
Virus Taxonomy: Ninth Report of the International Committee ...
genus APsCAviroid Type species Apple scar skin viroid Distinguishing features Circular ssRNAs between 306 and 369 nt depending on species and sequence variants. The most stable secondary structure is a rod-like or quasi-rod-like ...
Andrew MQ King, Elliot Lefkowitz, Michael J. Adams, 2011
7
Plant Virology
(2012). 2. Cytopathic Effects Various effects of viroid infection on cellular structures have been reported. For example, in some infections by members of the Pospiviroidae changes have been observed in membranous structures called  ...
Roger Hull, 2013
8
Diseases of Horticultural Crops: Fruits
25. Viroid. Diseases. of. Fruits. P. RAMACHANDRAN 1. INTRODUCTION Viroids are the smallest plant pathogens known to date. They consist of unencapsidated, circular, single-stranded RNA of 240 to 375 bases (Diener, 1971). Since their ...
‎1999
9
Principles of Molecular Virology
Virusoids are satellite, viroid-like molecules, a bit larger than viroids ( approximately 1000 nucleotides), which are dependent on the presence of virus replication for their multiplication (the reason they are called satellites). They are packaged ...
Alan J. Cann, 2011
10
RNA
Viroid-group Viroid-subgroup Viroid Abbreviation Length (nucleotides) A. ASBV- group ASBV-subgroup Avocado sunblotch viroid ASBV 246-250 Chrysanthemum chlorotic mottle viroid CChMV 398-399 Peach latent mosaic viroid PLMV 337 B.
D. Söll, S. Nishimura, P. Moore, 2001

10 NEWS ITEMS WHICH INCLUDE THE TERM «VIROID»

Find out what the national and international press are talking about and how the term viroid is used in the context of the following news items.
1
Costa Rica bans Mexican, Guatemalan avocados
Costa Rica has banned imports of avocados from Mexico, Guatemala and other countries over sunblotch viroid concerns. The measure is temporary, according ... «The Packer, Jul 15»
2
More Food Safety Issues Popping Up on WTO Committee Agenda
Costa Rica's measure to temporarily suspend import certificates for avocados because of the avocado tree disease called sunblotch viroid raised concerns from ... «Food Safety News, Jul 15»
3
Resistance test to Hop Stunt Viroid on 26 apricot varieties
The apricot species is susceptible to infection by different viruses and viroids including the HSVd, widely distributed around the world and described as the ... «FreshPlaza, Jul 15»
4
Productores de aguacate costarricenses avalan suspensión
Productores de aguacate costarricenses avalan suspensión de importaciones Costa Rica busca evitar la entrada de la plaga "avocado sunblotch viroid". «elDinero, Jun 15»
5
"Costa Rica Sunblotch free, Mexico reported it 2010"
Among other ways, seeds can transmit the viroid. However, there are fruits that present symptoms and others that don't. The fruits with symptoms are not sold, ... «FreshPlaza, Jun 15»
6
Stuart Newman: The Virosphere And Non-Linear Evolution
Suzan Mazur: But many scientists are saying we can no longer ignore the virosphere, which is ubiquitous. Some say that a viroid-like entity may have been the ... «Scoop.co.nz, May 15»
7
Workshop to help South Australian growers prepare for potato pests
“Potato spindle tuber viroid has recently been declared endemic in Australia and Dr Lye will be able to update the industry on the latest developments and ... «PotatoPro, May 15»
8
Supply of avocados beginning to dwindle after Costa Rica imposes …
... countries as well as the U.S. state of Florida due to the presence of a virus known as Avocado Sunblotch Viroid (ASBV) affecting the fruit in those countries. «Inside Costa Rica, May 15»
9
Avocado prices to soar in Costa Rica
... Avocado Sunblotch Viroid, also called “sunblotch.” Included in this affliction is the Haas avocado, which is the most popular avocado in the world, according to ... «FreshPlaza, May 15»
10
The "First Replicon" on Earth? A Chat With Virologist Ricardo Flores
Flores thinks viruses may be "the most important faction of the [planet's] biomass" and that a viroid-like entity is a prime candidate for the first replicon on Earth. «Huffington Post, May 15»

REFERENCE
« EDUCALINGO. Viroid [online]. Available <https://educalingo.com/en/dic-en/viroid>. May 2024 ».
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