ETYMOLOGY OF THE WORD ESPALIER
From French: trellis, from Old Italian: shoulder supports, from spalla shoulder, from Late Latin spatula.
CONJUGATION OF THE VERB TO ESPALIER
PRESENT
Present
I espalier
you espalier
he/she/it espaliers
we espalier
you espalier
they espalier
Present continuous
I am espaliering
you are espaliering
he/she/it is espaliering
we are espaliering
you are espaliering
they are espaliering
Present perfect
I have espaliered
you have espaliered
he/she/it has espaliered
we have espaliered
you have espaliered
they have espaliered
Present perfect continuous
I have been espaliering
you have been espaliering
he/she/it has been espaliering
we have been espaliering
you have been espaliering
they have been espaliering
Present tense is used to refer to circumstances that exist at the present time or over a period that includes the present time. The
present perfect refers to past events, although it can be considered to denote primarily the resulting present situation rather than the events themselves.
PAST
Past
I espaliered
you espaliered
he/she/it espaliered
we espaliered
you espaliered
they espaliered
Past continuous
I was espaliering
you were espaliering
he/she/it was espaliering
we were espaliering
you were espaliering
they were espaliering
Past perfect
I had espaliered
you had espaliered
he/she/it had espaliered
we had espaliered
you had espaliered
they had espaliered
Past perfect continuous
I had been espaliering
you had been espaliering
he/she/it had been espaliering
we had been espaliering
you had been espaliering
they had been espaliering
Past tense forms express circumstances existing at some time in the past,
FUTURE
Future
I will espalier
you will espalier
he/she/it will espalier
we will espalier
you will espalier
they will espalier
Future continuous
I will be espaliering
you will be espaliering
he/she/it will be espaliering
we will be espaliering
you will be espaliering
they will be espaliering
Future perfect
I will have espaliered
you will have espaliered
he/she/it will have espaliered
we will have espaliered
you will have espaliered
they will have espaliered
Future perfect continuous
I will have been espaliering
you will have been espaliering
he/she/it will have been espaliering
we will have been espaliering
you will have been espaliering
they will have been espaliering
The
future is used to express circumstances that will occur at a later time.
CONDITIONAL
Conditional
I would espalier
you would espalier
he/she/it would espalier
we would espalier
you would espalier
they would espalier
Conditional continuous
I would be espaliering
you would be espaliering
he/she/it would be espaliering
we would be espaliering
you would be espaliering
they would be espaliering
Conditional perfect
I would have espalier
you would have espalier
he/she/it would have espalier
we would have espalier
you would have espalier
they would have espalier
Conditional perfect continuous
I would have been espaliering
you would have been espaliering
he/she/it would have been espaliering
we would have been espaliering
you would have been espaliering
they would have been espaliering
Conditional or "future-in-the-past" tense refers to hypothetical or possible actions.
IMPERATIVE
Imperative
you espalier
we let´s espalier
you espalier
The
imperative is used to form commands or requests.
NONFINITE VERB FORMS
Past participle
espaliered
Present Participle
espaliering
Infinitive shows the action beyond temporal perspective. The
present participle or gerund shows the action during the session. The
past participle shows the action after completion.
10 ENGLISH BOOKS RELATING TO «ESPALIER»
Discover the use of
espalier in the following bibliographical selection. Books relating to
espalier and brief extracts from same to provide context of its use in English literature.
The book covers: Forms, trellis systems and designs; Selection -- including flowering plants, fruit trees, and native Australian plants; Shaping, pruning, maintenance and care.
2
Rodale's Ultimate Encyclopedia of Organic Gardening: The ...
An espalier (pronounced is-PAL-yuhr) is a fruit tree or an ornamental shrub that is
pruned to grow in a flat plane. Although sometimes free-standing, an espaliered
plant is generally attached to a framework against a wall, and is usually trained ...
Fern Marshall Bradley, Barbara W. Ellis, 2008
3
Trellises, Arbors & Pergolas: Ideas and Plans for Garden ...
ESPALIER A The popular espalier style palmette verrier resembles a candelabra.
Training and pruning are best begun at planting. WHAT TO ESPALIER According
to the North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service, these 20 plants are the ...
Better Homes and Gardens Books (Firm), Larry Johnston, 2004
4
Topiaries & Espaliers: Plus Other Designs for Shaping Plants
TIPS FOR SUCCESS STORE-BOUGHT ESPALIERS It's not considered cheating
if you start your espalier venture by purchasing a plant that's already been trained
by a professional. Quite a few ornamental (that is, nonfruiting) espaliered ...
5
Espalier: Essentials of the Candelabra Pattern
The British also call the espalier plant shaping method growing“wall fruit”.This fits
with early examples of espalier that Edmunds mentions: a wall trained fig tree
painted on the side of an Egyptian tomb and Chinese use of dwarfing rootstocks
...
6
Pruning: An Illustrated Guide: Foolproof Methods for Shaping ...
A well-grown espalier offers food and beauty. Espalier (es-pal-YAY) is the
training of a plant, usually a fruit plant, to an orderly two- dimensional form. The
word is derived from the Old French aspau, meaning a prop, and most espaliers
must, ...
Parts of an Espalier Leader Branch Trunk Leader Arm Trunk Branch Rib Trunk
Leader Branch never grow large, so they can be pruned, thinned, and harvested
with your feet planted squarely on terra firma. And while pruning must be frequent
, ...
8
Gaia's Garden: A Guide to Home-Scale Permaculture, 2nd Edition
I trim down the espalier, cordon, and related pruning techniques. Fruit trees in
small spaces have long been pruned into forms such as espalier, where
branches are grown horizontally in a single, flat plane; cordon, in which a single
stem is ...
9
An Illustrated Guide to Pruning
Espalier forms FIGURE 10-8. Espalier can take many forms including those
shown above. Trees or large shrubs are pruned and trained by tying into a two-
dimensional branch display (top). Some nurseries market plants trained to
espalier on ...
That flavor results from an espalier's leaves bathing freely in the sun and air, as
well as the favorable balance of fruit and leaves. Because photosynthesis
happens in the leaves, this balance ensures that each fruit gets plenty of sugars.
10 NEWS ITEMS WHICH INCLUDE THE TERM «ESPALIER»
Find out what the national and international press are talking about and how the term
espalier is used in the context of the following news items.
Residents come forward to show support for colour of Vanessa …
"We would like to reassure them that the appearance of the blue facade will soften once the espalier fruit trees and climbing rose become ... «Wilts and Gloucestershire Standard, Jul 15»
Volunteer Recognition Awards Honor Local Residents
Ginocchio has worked as an entry garden volunteer, maintaining the espalier at the Visitor Center entrance and participating in the annual ... «Chicago Tribune, Jul 15»
Article about the colour of our shop has wonderfully increased links …
We would like to reassure them that the appearance of the blue facade will soften once the espalier fruit trees and climbing rose become ... «Wilts and Gloucestershire Standard, Jul 15»
Montgomery County home sales
Espalier Pl., 12305-Barbara A. Mello and Maliszewski family trust to Waseem Ul Haq and Cynthia Sanchez Hernandez, $652,500. Harker Dr. «Washington Post, Jul 15»
Ferns for Foundations
Initially we planted a Pyracantha in the front bed and attempted to espalier it without success. Our thought was that the bright orange berries ... «Hornell Evening Tribune, Jul 15»
Fire blight infection can destroy susceptible ornamental trees
There are some funny-looking branches on my crabapple espalier. The tips of some branches have turned brown, and the brown leaves are ... «Chicago Tribune, Jul 15»
The fickle garden
I knew it could outgrow the space but it was my plan to espalier it against the fence, inspired by one in my Corner Brook neighbourhood that ... «The Telegram, Jul 15»
Prohibition hires new Chef Greg Garrison of L'Espalier
Chef Garrison is heading down South from Boston, where he worked as sous chef at L' Espalier under James Beard award-winning chef Frank ... «Charleston City Paper, Jul 15»
Wow House: 'Meticulously' Renovated Home in Bedford
“Lovely latticed vegetable and flower garden with espalier apple trees and climbing grape vines,” reads the realtor's description on Zillow. «Patch.com, Jun 15»
Good fences make good neighbors, and a good yard
... to grow flat up a trellis or other vertical surface, are another tight-space option, said Heidrich, whose nursery sells espalier apple trees. «Colorado Springs Gazette, Jun 15»
