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protonemata

Meaning of "protonemata" in the English dictionary

DICTIONARY

PRONUNCIATION OF PROTONEMATA

ˌprəʊtəˈniːmətə


GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY OF PROTONEMATA

noun
adjective
verb
adverb
pronoun
preposition
conjunction
determiner
exclamation
Protonemata is a noun.
A noun is a type of word the meaning of which determines reality. Nouns provide the names for all things: people, objects, sensations, feelings, etc.

WHAT DOES PROTONEMATA MEAN IN ENGLISH?

Protonema

A protonema (plural: protonemata) is a thread-like chain of cells that forms the earliest stage (the haploid phase) of a bryophyte life cycle. When a moss first grows from the spore, it grows as a protonema which develops into a leafy gametophore. Hornworts do not have a protonemal stage, the spores germinate directly into a new Gametophyte generation. Moss spores germinate to form an alga-like filamentous structure called the protonema. It represents the juvenile gametophyte. While the protonema is growing by apical cell division, at some stage, under the influence of the phytohormone cytokinin, buds are induced which grow by three-faced apical cells. These give rise to gametophores, stems and leaf like structures (bryophytes do not have true leaves (megaphyll)). These gametophores are the adult form of the gametophyte. Protonema are characteristic of all mosses and some liverworts but are absent from hornworts. The protonema is also the photosynthetic part of a germinating fern spore.

WORDS THAT RHYME WITH PROTONEMATA

amateur · automata · chromonemata · coelomata · condylomata · diastemata · edemata · empyemata · empyreumata · enchondromata · lemmata · miasmata · oedemata · plasmodesmata · schemata · sclerodermata · somata · stomata · traumata · treponemata

WORDS THAT BEGIN LIKE PROTONEMATA

protomartyr · protomorphic · proton · proton microscope · proton number · proton-pump inhibitor · protonate · protonation · protonema · protonemal · protonematal · protonic · protonotarial · protonotariat · protonotaries · protonotary · protopathic · protopathy · protophilic · protophloem

WORDS THAT END LIKE PROTONEMATA

adenomata · anathemata · blastomata · bregmata · carcinomata · chiasmata · dogmata · enemata · exanthemata · fermata · granulomata · leiomyomata · mata-mata · melismata · scleromata · scotomata · stigmata · subschemata · tagmata · ultimata

Synonyms and antonyms of protonemata in the English dictionary of synonyms

SYNONYMS

Translation of «protonemata» into 25 languages

TRANSLATOR

TRANSLATION OF PROTONEMATA

Find out the translation of protonemata to 25 languages with our English multilingual translator.

The translations of protonemata from English to other languages presented in this section have been obtained through automatic statistical translation; where the essential translation unit is the word «protonemata» in English.
zh

Translator English - Chinese

原丝
1,325 millions of speakers
es

Translator English - Spanish

protonemas
570 millions of speakers
en

English

protonemata
510 millions of speakers
hi

Translator English - Hindi

protonemata
380 millions of speakers
ar

Translator English - Arabic

protonemata
280 millions of speakers
ru

Translator English - Russian

protonemata
278 millions of speakers
pt

Translator English - Portuguese

protonemata
270 millions of speakers
bn

Translator English - Bengali

protonemata
260 millions of speakers
fr

Translator English - French

protonémata
220 millions of speakers
ms

Translator English - Malay

Protonemata
190 millions of speakers
de

Translator English - German

Protonemen
180 millions of speakers
ja

Translator English - Japanese

原糸体
130 millions of speakers
ko

Translator English - Korean

protonemata
85 millions of speakers
jv

Translator English - Javanese

Protonemata
85 millions of speakers
vi

Translator English - Vietnamese

protonemata
80 millions of speakers
ta

Translator English - Tamil

protonemata
75 millions of speakers
mr

Translator English - Marathi

प्रोटॉनमेटा
75 millions of speakers
tr

Translator English - Turkish

protonemata
70 millions of speakers
it

Translator English - Italian

protonemata
65 millions of speakers
pl

Translator English - Polish

protonemata
50 millions of speakers
uk

Translator English - Ukrainian

protonemata
40 millions of speakers
ro

Translator English - Romanian

protonemata
30 millions of speakers
el

Translator English - Greek

protonemata
15 millions of speakers
af

Translator English - Afrikaans

protonemata
14 millions of speakers
sv

Translator English - Swedish

protonemata
10 millions of speakers
no

Translator English - Norwegian

protonemata
5 millions of speakers

Trends of use of protonemata

TRENDS

TENDENCIES OF USE OF THE TERM «PROTONEMATA»

Principal search tendencies and common uses of protonemata
List of principal searches undertaken by users to access our English online dictionary and most widely used expressions with the word «protonemata».

Examples of use in the English literature, quotes and news about protonemata

EXAMPLES

10 ENGLISH BOOKS RELATING TO «PROTONEMATA»

Discover the use of protonemata in the following bibliographical selection. Books relating to protonemata and brief extracts from same to provide context of its use in English literature.
1
The distribution of sexual characters and regeneration in ...
soil, and in cultures to which protonemata are transferred when young (two to three weeks after germination) the leafy axes develop in about eight weeks from the time of germination. However, when protonemata are taken from cultures four to ...
Mabel Mary Brown, 1919
2
Developmental Biology of Fern Gametophytes
one- to three-celled red light-grown protonemata reared in the dark, become planar upon subsequent irradiation with red, yellow or green light. By screening approximately three million spores of P. aquilinum exposed to y-rays, Howland and ...
V. Raghavan, 2005
3
American Journal of Botany
soil, and in cultures to which protonemata are transferred when young (two to three weeks after germination) the leafy axes develop in about eight weeks from the time of germination. However, when protonemata are taken from cultures four to ...
‎1919
4
Actin: A Dynamic Framework for Multiple Plant Cell Functions
Which features determine why rhizoids bend downwards whereas protonemata bend upwards in response to the same gravistimulation? Both cell types originate from nodal cells of the multicellular green thallus and commitment to positive or ...
C. J. Staiger, 2000
5
Progress in Botany
Ethylene, a constitutive compound of the Funaria protonemata, also had an effect on tmemata, if it is applied from outside. ACC (1-amino- cyclopropane-1- carboxylic acid), the precursor of ethylene, stimulates the appearance of tmemata in ...
K. Esser, J. W. Kadereit, U. Lüttge, 1999
6
Photoreceptors and Light Signalling
Protonemata of the fern Dryopteris grow filamentously under red light, but under blue light they spread in a two-dimensional shape. A blue light absorbing pigment other than phytochrome was proposed to be involved in this process [3].
Alfred Batschauer, 2003
7
Annual Plant Reviews, The Moss Physcomitrella patens
9.2.3 Allocation in moss protonemata The P. patens gametophyte has two distinct growth phases, the filamentous protonemata and the leafy shoots or gametophores. From its similarity to multicellular structures found in green alga, it seems ...
Celia Knight, Pierre-François Perroud, David Cove, 2009
8
Biochemistry and Physiology of Polyamines in Plants
In addition to being moderately inhibitory to both germination and protonemal extension, 1 to 5 mM Put had bizarre morphogenetic effects in the DFMA-treated protonemata. Protonemata were frequently greatly enlarged in diameter ...
Robert D. Slocum, Hector E. Flores, 1991
9
Plant Tropisms
The data obtained from characean protonemata suggest that the early asymmetric distribution of the calcium gradient (which precedes the negative graviresponse in protonemata) results either from statolith-induced repositioning of calcium ...
Simon Gilroy, Patrick Masson, 2008
10
The Plant Cytoskeleton: A Key Tool for Agro-biotechnology ; ...
Gravity-dependent morphogenesis of protonemata cell It was at first shown that the apical cells that develop in darkness are able to transform into gametophore buds under the influence of low irradiance white light47 (i.e., 0.37 μmol m-2 s-1).
Yaroslav B. Blume, 2008
REFERENCE
« EDUCALINGO. Protonemata [online]. Available <https://educalingo.com/en/dic-en/protonemata>. May 2024 ».
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