Shorthand
Stenography or abbreviation - a system of special icons: geometric and elemental letters of the handwritten writing, adapted for fast writing of the warehouses, word-formation morphemes and words of the oral speech. F.K. Gabelsberger's system of stenography on the German language was the most widely spread in Eastern Europe; In Poland, the founder of the shorthand was Krupsky Yan Nepomucen Kazimierz, who applied it to the Ukrainian language O. Paneyko. In Eastern Ukraine, there were variants of shorthand written by O. Gershtansky and M. Lovshin, based on Russian adaptations of the Gabelsberger system by M. Sokolov and others.