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The term personal defense refers to all combat techniques to deal with an attack when one is disarmed. We also sometimes talk about close combat. The term "self-defense" has etymologically the same meaning, but rather refers to an armed defense. According to Dan Low, the notion of self-combat is the confrontation of three states: confusion, understanding and spontaneity, probably meaning that the aggression being sudden, the victim is confused and must respond spontaneously trying to figure out what's going on. The teaching of personal defense is often based on martial arts or combat sports with however a difference of size: martial arts, pay particular attention to the respect of the adversary, sometimes even named "partner"; in self-defense, the goal is to stop the attack before being subdued, injured or even killed as quickly as possible.