CE ÎNSEAMNĂ EXTERNALITY ÎN ENGLEZĂ?
externalitate
În economie, o externitate este costul sau beneficiul care afectează o parte care nu a ales să suporte acel cost sau beneficiu. De exemplu, activitățile de producție care provoacă poluarea aerului impun costuri de sănătate și de curățare pentru întreaga societate, în timp ce vecinii unei persoane care aleg să-și protejeze locuința, pot beneficia de un risc redus de apariție a unui incendiu în casele lor. În cazul în care există costuri externe, cum ar fi poluarea, producătorul poate alege să producă mai mult din produs decât ar fi produs dacă producătorul ar fi obligat să plătească toate costurile de mediu asociate. Dacă există beneficii externe, cum ar fi siguranța publică, poate fi produs mai puțin bun decât ar fi cazul în cazul în care producătorul trebuia să primească plăți pentru beneficiile externe altora. În sensul acestor afirmații, costul total și beneficiile pentru societate sunt definite ca suma valorii monetare imputate a beneficiilor și costurilor pentru toate părțile implicate. Astfel, piețele nereglementate cu bunuri sau servicii cu efecte externe semnificative generează prețuri care nu reflectă costul social total sau beneficiul tranzacțiilor lor; astfel de piețe sunt, prin urmare, ineficiente.
Definiția externality în dicționarul Engleză
Prima definiție a externalității în dicționar este starea sau condiția de a fi externă. O altă definiție a externalității este ceva extern. Externitatea este, de asemenea, calitatea existenței, indiferent de mintea perceptivă.
CITATE ÎN ENGLEZĂ CU «EXTERNALITY»
Citate renumite și propoziții cu cuvântul
externality.
The reality is gas prices should be much more expensive then they are because we're not incorporating the true damage to the environment and the hidden costs of mining oil and transporting it to the U.S. Whenever you have an unpriced externality, you have a bit of a market failure, to the degree that eternality remains unpriced.
CĂRȚI ÎN ENGLEZĂ ÎN LEGĂTURĂ CU «EXTERNALITY»
Descoperă întrebuințarea
externality în următoarea selecție bibliografică. Cărți în legătură cu
externality și extrase din aceasta pentru a furniza contextul de întrebuințare al acestuia în literatura Engleză.
1
Environmental Economics and Management : Theory, Policy and ...
Having established the basics of what externalities are conceptually, we now
develop a formal model of a negative environmental externality. We elect to
model a production externality, because this approach addresses the most
prevalent ...
Scott Callan, Janet Thomas,
2009
2
Principles of Economics
Pollution per- mits and corrective taxes on emissions, for instance, are designed
to internalize the externality of pollution. More and more, these are the policies of
choice for those interested in protecting the environment. Market forces, properly
...
2 EXTERNALITIES Although the nature of an externality as an effect inflicted by
one agent upon another may seem very clear at an intuitive level, once a
formalisation is attempted a number of issues arise that need to be resolved. Of
most ...
The implications of this type of externality for market failure are quite important.
For example, suppose that the marginal social cost curve was S. This would also
be the supply curve under conditions of perfect competition. Under these ...
5
Durkheim's Philosophy Lectures: Notes from the Lycée de Sens ...
External. Perception. The. Origin. of. the. Idea. of. Externality. It's through external
perception that the external world becomes known to us. But does this world
really exist? This is the question we'll address in the next few lectures. It can be ...
Later in this section, we illustrate this condition graphically. Meaning in Terms
Category Definition of Marginal Benefits and Costs 1 No negative or positive
MEC I 0 and MEB I 0; It follows that externality MSC I A/IPC and M53 I MP3 2
Negative ...
7
New Trends in Ecology Research
constitutes a widespread application of the opportunities for transferring an
externality. The transfer of externalities is automatic in some special cases, as
happens with a great deal of the atmospheric pollution generated in a city. If one
tries to ...
A. R. Burk, James C. Ascough,
2005
8
Environmental and Natural Resources Economics: Theory, ...
Pecuniary Externality An externality that occurs due to the normal process of
buyers and sellers entering or exiting the market. A pecuniary externality
operates through market prices. It has nothing to do with the inappropriate choice
of ...
Therefore, these people receive a benefit for which they do not pay (i.e., a
positive externality). 4. Some contemporary economists would argue that this
type of externality is not a "real" externality but merely a pecuniary externality.
Pecuniary ...
10
Applied Cost-benefit Analysis, Second Edition:
5.1.1 Definitions of externality Buchanan and Stubblebine (1962) provided a
battery of definitions of externality that are very useful for public policy purposes.
They define when an externality exists, and when there is, and there is not, ...
ȘTIRI NOI CARE INCLUD TERMENUL «EXTERNALITY»
Află ce ziare naționale și internaționale au scris despre și cum este întrebuințat termenul
externality în contextul următoarelor știri.
Green Chemistry in Modern Mining and Rare Earth Beneficiation
This situation is an example of negative externality, where the cost of producing the rare earth metals is borne, to a large degree, by society at ... «InvestorIntel, Iul 15»
$15 Trillion Plan Would Have All of America on Renewable Energy …
“Fossil fuel costs 30 cents per kilowatt hour, when externality costs are included.” The plan's timeline has energy supplies switch to 80 percent ... «The Epoch Times, Iul 15»
Report by Brattle Economists Quantifies Significant Value of Nuclear …
... tons of sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions annually, together valued at $8.4 billion using the National Academy of Science's externality estimates. «Digital Journal, Iul 15»
BAILOUT FICTION: Greece and the Groogle Syndicate option
Before he could settle himself and correct for the unanticipated externality, a smart-shirt/sock data dispatch registering a quickened pulse was ... «FT Alphaville, Iul 15»
Making healthy transport policies
It leads the world in pricing and restricting road use, to account for the negative "externality" imposed by those who take cars instead of the MRT ... «The Straits Times, Iul 15»
Are environmental taxes addressing our health concerns?
Pollution can be regarded as an externality and, hence, not only an explicit cost of producing goods and services, but as one that is also borne ... «Graphic Online, Iul 15»
Here's What It Will Take for Women's Sports to Grow in the US
But when other fans are relatively scarce, this network externality is quite weak. Only with time will that network get stronger. It seems easy for ... «TIME, Iul 15»
Osborne's chance to make sense of muddled UK climate taxes
Putting a price on an externality — making the polluter pay the cost of the harm created by the pollution produced — is often the most efficient ... «Financial Times, Iul 15»
ObamaCare and America's Death Spiral
... the popular belief that maladies are caused by an imperfect externality and therefore with the correct reconfiguration of the world (i.e. theirs), ... «American Thinker, Iul 15»
The Rinse-Wash-Repeat Approach for Getting Growth Results
These leaders are fully in control of their growth destinies, yet all too often are unable to deliver and either blame some externality or create a ... «Huffington Post, Iul 15»